Anthropic CUDA, Triton & Kernel Engineering interview questions

Follow the running maximum and weighted sum across attention tiles, with executable arithmetic and an honest memory-traffic comparison.

Follow graph capture, guards, differentiation and generated kernels. Then distinguish graph breaks from recompilation and measure whether warm execution repays compilation and startup costs.

Build a numerical reference, count the traffic and investigate a row-wise fused kernel. Separate bandwidth lower bounds from measured performance.

Compute MFU with a stated work model, then follow the training step’s critical path across input, host dispatch, computation and communication. Rank experiments by exposed time instead of assigning universal gains to fixes.

Define what the timer includes, give both implementations the same conditions, and keep the sample distribution. A useful benchmark explains the workload and comparison well enough for someone else to reproduce them.

Longer sequences exercise more state updates, different boundaries and sometimes different kernel paths. Use a two-tile example to check online softmax, then test masking, indexing and precision against a stable reference.

Derive resident-block limits and distinguish resident warps from ready work before trading registers for more occupancy.

Trace stable row normalization, handle independent strides and fully masked inputs, then separate fusion traffic from measured speed.

Map a non-divisible array onto blocks, guard the final 189 threads, and separate kernel traffic from host transfers without inventing measured timings.

Follow intermediate tensors through separate and fused stages, calculate the traffic and whole-block bounds, and check spills and numerical behavior.

Compare the mechanisms in FlashAttention versions 1, 2 and 3: IO savings, work partitioning, asynchronous dependencies and FP8 accuracy.

Count warp sectors for contiguous, strided and masked accesses, then use cache and timing evidence to decide whether changing the mapping helps.

Follow an accumulator across K tiles, count reuse at each memory level, and decide whether a tile improves measured GEMM performance.

Separate cache activity from DRAM traffic, check the access width and active lanes, and use a controlled layout change to test a profiler hypothesis. A few percentages cannot predict the fixed kernel’s runtime.

Build a mask-aware classifier that counts complete byte intervals, separates duplicate lane demand from distinct bytes, and streams trace summaries.

Derive the bank mapping before and after padding, trace a fixed-tile kernel, and measure whether the saved conflict outweighs other resource costs.

Verify a drafted prefix without biasing the target distribution, then roll back rejected KV state. A six-token prefix exposes the off-by-one: nine committed tokens can have only eight valid KV entries.

Start with the operation, supported hardware and performance target. Compare ordinary Triton, lower-level Triton interfaces and CUDA using a measured gap that is large enough to justify maintaining custom code.

Build a reduction with a checked tail, one partial result per block and a final combine. Count the input bytes, then investigate the instructions, synchronization and numerical behavior that a bandwidth estimate leaves out.

Trace how a shared-memory tile turns coalesced input rows into coalesced output rows. Then separate global sector footprints, shared-bank conflicts and measured bandwidth, including the cost of handling edge tiles.

Use a timeline to establish launch overhead, then trace what graph replay changes. Stable buffers, page-table updates, capture-safe operations and batch buckets determine whether the serving engine can use it safely.