flops

The one utilization number that cannot be gamed by recompute: model FLOPs over hardware peak, derived from a step time in four lines, with the band frontier labs land in and an itemized list of where the other 60% goes.

The 6ND rule, where the 6 comes from, and the 6.3e24 that every training-time and GPU-count question in the loop is built on.

Dollars per FLOP from the GPU price and the MFU, times 6N: a 70B training token costs about three quarters of a microdollar, and the whole 15T-token run follows in one multiplication. The chain, the comparison to an inference token, and why the training token is cheaper.