capacity factor

A router that sends 90% of tokens to 26 of 256 experts makes those ranks do nine times their share while everyone else waits. The arithmetic of the imbalance, what a capacity factor drops on the floor, why the auxiliary loss fights the model, and the bias-only balancing DeepSeek-V3 used instead.

The first question is whether 1T is total or active, because storage follows one and compute follows the other. The state budget, the layout that falls out of it, why expert parallelism belongs inside NVLink, and the two failure modes a dense-model plan does not have: router imbalance and all-to-all congestion.